نشریه کارآگاه
پیاپی 53 (زمستان 1399)

ICT has been introduced as the dominating technologies in the new millennium. These technologies have been transformed into tools for productivity, efficiency and growth in human communities through expediting the process of information exchange and they have also provided an easy access to the results of mass accumulation of prodused data. This research which has been conducted using systematic approach and with a descriptive-analytical method and in library manner, as well, is descriptive because information was gathered through information search and it is analytical because after the required information was obtained, it was recapitulated, classified and analyzed and assessed, too. The statistical society included the present local and foreign sources ranging from books, laws and regulations, theses, quarterlies, scientific articles, experts’ views, electronic sources and related websiste, as well. Methods and tools of information collection have been via documentary information note-taking and library studies, as well and the obtained concepts were systematized and analyzed. Cohesion and sustainability of the research are verified in regards to the provided documents and references. In case police is provided with the standard spatial data infrastructures and transformation of CID present data bank (or other specialized police forces) and other agencies, as well, police can then obtain updated crime and delinquency-related data at the fastest possible time and take actions to identify and arrests criminals.

Although theft is one of the oldest crimes in human societies and the human mind has provided many solutions to prevent and confront it, but it is still one of the important priorities in the science of crime (at least in the Iranian police). Over time and by changing the methods of theft, especially burglaries, police detectives (as experts and leaders in the police structure in detecting theft and identifying criminals) also have adopted appropriate methods and strategies, including information-based methods to start dealing with thieves and realizing the rights of victims. But there is always the concern as to which information-based methods can be more effective in detecting burglaries, and what model can be used. This research was conducted using the Delphi method and it used the opinions of 37 students and doctoral graduates in the fields of forensics and criminology (in full) in two stages of completing a questionnaire.
Based on research findings, 5 information-based dimensions in detecting burglaries  has been identified and measured and the results indicate that while confirming the existence of a significant relationship in all these dimensions, it also shows a very strong correlation between them. In the research conducted, and the questionnaires collected in the first and second phases and the experts’ verdict, it was determined that among the dimensions identified in the information-based burglary detection, the highest correlation is in the dimensions of "use of electronic technologies.

Judicial record is one of the incapacitating features of criminals, and criminal beneficial functions, as well which makes it possible, through identifying criminals’ records, to take appropriate measures in enforcing judicial decisions and in vetting individuals and keeping delinquents away from criminal occupatuion situations and in line with recovering and social readaptinon of conveicts. In this regard, the Judicial RecordRegulations have been created in order to include the judicial history of convicted persons in order to identify these persons. Creating a judicial record as a tool for the scientific detection of crimes will help us to administer justice as it deserves, a justice that, on the one hand, better corrects the perpetrator and, on the other hand, protects the community against lawbreakers. On the other hand, the institution of Judicial record faces legal and administrative challenges. The present article has been written based on a descriptive and analytical method and based on documents and library resources in order to study the legal and executive challenges of the Judiciary in Iranian law, based on the Judiciary Regulations approved in 1398. These challenges include the possibility of Judicial record for persons under 18 years of age according to the new regulations, the lack of a law to remove Judicial record, lack of access to Judicial record and the difficulty of steps and obtaining the cost of inquiries from criminal records and the impossibility of deleting Judicial record after passing of time.

Theft is one of the most common social astrays and deviations that due to creating economic costs for the ones who have lost their property will cause feelings of fear and insecurity among citizens. Therefore; this research deals with the relationship between economic costs resulting from citizens’ feelings of fear and insecurity in Khorasan Province. This investigative-quantitative research is of survey type which has been conducted via questionnaires. The sustainability of the tool was verified and evaluated using Cronbach’s Alph method at a rate of 82%. The statistical society included the citizens of North Khorasan Province where samples were obtained based on Cochran formula as many as 384 and sampling was implemented in classification manner commensurate with the volume. Data were inserted into SSPS software and Pierson Momentum Correlation Coefficient was used to test the assumptions. Between the economic costs resulting from16 titles of thefts with feelings of fear and insecurity in citizens, there is a meaningful relationship which generally include burglary (0.707), vehicle theft (0.613), snatching (0.495), private property(0.356) and theft in street passages and buildings (0.352) and between the economic costs resulting from 4 titles of thefts ranging from: governmental buildings (0.026), banks (0.060), cattle and poultry (0.051) and cables (0.009) there is no meaningful relationship with the feelings of fear and insecurity in citizens. The results showed that the citizens of North Khorasan province have higher feeligs of fear and insecurity in regards to the economic costs and financial losses resulting from burglaries, vehicle theft, snatching, private property and theft in street passages and buildings and they consider feelings of security resulting from immunity towards the economic costs resulting from thefts.

According to Article 40 of criminal proceedings law, disclosing any information related to identity is prohibited otherwise determined by the law.  But sometimes the national media broadcasts faces of the accused by pixelating their faces in the preliminary investigation stage. If this issue causes the identity of an accused to be identified, it is against the principle of confidentiality in the preliminary stage of criminal investigations, based on Articles 91 and 96 criminal proceedings law, it not only violates the  rights of the accused but it also causes crime evidence and traces to be hidden or destroyed. Therefore; this research reviews the extent of discovering the identity of the accused. The present research is a practical one with a quantitative approach whose information has been gathered in an experimental way. The statistical society in this research includes citizens of the 22 districts of Tehran. In order to analyze statistical data, Pierson Correlation Coefficient Statistical method and Regressive Path were put to use. Based on the findings of this research, broadcasting the pixelated images of the accused in the preliminary stage of investigations on TV will cause these individuals to be identified and according to Article 96 of criminal proceedings law it is prohibited due to the possible destruction of crime evidence and to support the rights and save the face of the accused. As a result and according to Article 91 of criminal proceedings law, those broadcasting these pixelated images will be prosecuted on charges of disclosing occupational and professional secrets.

In fact, human trafficking can be associated with criminal acts such as trafficking for sexual exploitation, labor exploitation, domestic slavery, forced theft, forced begging. The combat against these phenomena is often done from the perspective of suppressing the perpetrators of human trafficking. The criminal definition of human trafficking, which has recently undergone legal changes, carries severe penalties for the perpetrators of these crimes. However, proving human trafficking offenses remains difficult because it requires the specialization of prosecuting authorities, complex investigations, and sometimes differential proceedings in several countries. Accordingly, in the present research, a descriptive-analytical method is attempted to investigate the status of the measures used to deal with organized crime of human trafficking in the French legal system. And considering the shortcomings of the Iranian legal system, suggestions should be made to eliminate them. In the end, it is concluded that the Iranian legislature does not have a systematic and clear position on the differentiation-specialization of criminal proceedings regarding crimes of organized human trafficking. According to the present study, it is suggested that the existing laws in our country be amended based on the current needs of society and the increasing development of crimes based on a differential criminal policy commensurate with the effects and dimensions of such crimes.

The biggest problem in evidence collection of crime scenes is not only the quality and quantity of the available equipment, but also the lack of training, not using new techniques and methods of evidence collection due to the importance and effective role of material reasons in the crime scene. It is offered for those who deal with crime scene investigation and gathering evidence and reasons in some way, to gain the necessary training and experience in this field, so the purpose of this study is to scientific promote the crime scene investigation experts and laboratories by studying libraries to identify evidence collection methods were determined from the bite site of the victims. The effects of biting are among the unique material reasons resulting from the surface pressure on the other surface, which are observed in two-dimensional and three-dimensional designs and by using powder spraying methods as well as molding, which is unique to three-dimensional designs of biting effects. Among the proposed methods, which itself has a high technical diversity, is the method of shooting with a camera and special filters that cause the least damage to the work itself and allow experts to evidence collection several times. Photography using ultraviolet light, which accurately shows details, and infrared light, which can illuminate the basic features of works, can provide accurate and usable works for experts to document.

In forensic science, the purpose of performing an analysis in one of the cases includes identifying a suspicious sample, classifying the samples, detecting fraud / forgery, etc. in order to confirm or reject the hypotheses of how the crime was committed. Various analysis methods are used, including spectroscopy, chromatography, X-ray methods and microscopic methods. Due to the advances in instrumental analysis systems, a large amount of multivariate data is generated, which is a matrix of the number of samples analyzed and the variables affecting the samples. As a result, interpreting large volumes of very similar results will be time consuming and difficult, and eye examination may lead to false-positive results. Therefore, advanced chemometrics methods have been developed to analyze large and complex datasets. In addition, chemometrics methods provide accurate and valid results in a short time and are vital for scientific, accurate analysis and validation of results. Many research articles have been published on the application of chemometrics in forensic science. In this article, the multivariate methods used in the examination of criminal evidence are examined and their advantages, disadvantages and efficiencies are compared. This study is divided into different sections, which include the history of chemometrics, various common multivariate methods in criminal analysis, and the application of chemometrics in various disciplines of forensic science.